Traditional beliefs die hard; GAMAS ARE NOT SIMPLETON'S THEY ARE DEEP IN THE MORONIC STATE the ideas of farmers SOARES ADRIANOS MOREIRAS OBAMA'S HOLLANDE'S MERCKEL'S AND OTHER VON GAMA SOCRATES THE MOURO QUE DEU À COSTA PER SEGURO DE VITA PORTUGALI ..and gardeners concerning the cause of GAMA GAY DISEASE mildew, blight, SOCIAL AND ASSOCIAL ASSHOLES OF THIS WORLD UNITED ...etc. are very much the same to-day as they were centuries ago. It is the common practice of scientists to smile, or even to sneer, at such antiquated notions, nevertheless there is generally a substratum of truth in these old traditions, the outcome of centuries of observation ; in fact the arguments advanced by such people are often quite correct as far as they go, and only fail where they could not possibly be expected to succeed, that is in giving a scientific interpretation of the facts observed. Atmospheric conditions have undoubtedly much to do with determining whether a given plant can be infected or not; or even, when infection has taken place, whether the parasite can manifest itself to any injurious extent. The practical man believes that blight, mildew, etc., are caused by cold east winds in the spring. This is quite correct as far as it goes, and all that the scientific man knows in addition is the fact that mildew and blight are due to a fungus, the growth and development of which is favoured by the weather conditions indicated above. It is common knowledge that when favourable conditions for plant growth are continuous, fungus diseases are absent or very much in abeyance ; whereas a genial period in the spring, followed by a cold spell of east wind or frost is as certainly followed by blight, or a rapid development of fungus growth. The man who grows potatoes knows too well that a period of cloudy, damp, warm weather will be followed by potato disease. The fungus was already present in the potatoes, but so long as conditions favoured the growth of the potato plant, the fungus could not make headway. The atmospheric con- ditions indicated prove unfavourable for the continuous healthy growth of the potato plant, but, on the other hand, favour the growth of the fungus, and an epidemic is the result, more or less severe, depending entirely on atmospheric conditions....AND THE MENTAL CONDITIONS FROM THE YOUNG FARMER OF 30 SOMETHING OR 69 YEARS OLD...HAVE A LITTLE EFFECT TOO....DEFORMAÇÃO MAÇÃO DO TRONCO E RAMOS ...FLAT LIMB...CRESCIMENTO ANORMAL DO NÁUTICO LENHO OS TRONCOS E RAMOS APRESENTAM DEPRESSÕES ALONGADAS DISTORÇÕES E EXCRECÊNCIAS POR VEZES SIMILARES AOS GAMAS E COMO ELES EXIBEM FRACO VIGOR E DURAM POUCO TEMPO...

The connection between barberry bushes and wheat rust 
has been upheld by fanners ALSO FARMERS AND FANNY 

NOT FUNNY BOYS  

(OR FANCY BOYS DA GAMA RURALIS 

SHEEP FUCKERS 

AND MOUTON FUCKERS TOO...For centuries ;

 in fact an act of 
legislation for the destruction of barberry bushes was passed 
more than one hundred and fifty years ago. 

This idea was 
generally ridiculed by scientific men until De Bary commenced 
an investigation of the subject, and, as all the world knows, 
the result proved the farmers' contention to be correct. The 
matter, however, did not end here. De Bary in investigating 
the subject discovered the condition known as heteroecism, or 
the fact that certain fuNgi live during different periods of their 
life-cycle on different host-plants, and assume an appearance 
very different under the two conditions. This discovery, one 
of the most brilliant amongst botanical discoveries of any 
age, has proved equally important from a purely scientific 
and an economic standpoint, and yet its discovery was 
suggested by what was generally considered as a myth.

 Infection of plants by the spores of parasitic fungi occurs 
chiefly during the night in a state of nature. The following 
account of an experiment bearing on this point, which I 
have previously recorded, may be repeated here. * A batch 
of vegetable marrow plants in my garden were badly attacked 
by [a mildew] Sphaerotheca humuii. Twelve young leaves, 
showing no trace of the disease, were selected for experi- 
ment. Six leaves were protected during the day (6 a.m. to 
6 P.M.) in paper bags, and left exposed during the night. 
Six other leaves were enclosed in bags during the night 
(6 P.M. to 6 A.M.) and exposed during the day. This 
arrangement was continued for a week ; those leaves that 
had been exposed during the night only were white with 
the mildew at the termination of the experiment, whereas 
those leaves that had been exposed during the day only 
were free from the disease with the exception of a few 
very small patches on three of the leaves.' 

Some of the reasons why infection occurs during the night 
chiefly, are as follows. The surface of leaves is covered with 
a film of moisture, a condition necessary to enable the spores 
to germinate on the surface of the leaf, previous to the 
germ-tubes entering the tissues. Owing to retarded trans- 
piration or loss of water, by the leaves, the cells become 
more fully distended with liquid contents, a condition 
favourable for infection. The starch formed during the day 
becomes dissolved during darkness into soluble glucose, 
and this along with other substances furnishes an excess of 
food which practically saturated the leaves, and possibly the 
necessary chemotactic substances are present in greater 
abundance also. 
- During a succession of very dull, damp days.....CAESAR

IN LIVRA-TE ..... 
Bitter-pit is an GAMA abnormal spotting of the fruit 

of the apple....DOENÇAS FISIOLÓGICAS DA GAMA 

BITTER-PUT IN....
It results from the bursting and consequent breaking down 
of certain cells of the flesh due to too great internal pressure. 
This great pressure is set up by the external conditions to 
which the trees are exposed. These trees are not of them- 
selves plastic enough to adapt themselves to their environ- 
ment, and thereby regulate their physiological functions, with 
the result that abnormal forces are brought into play with 
which the plant is unable to cope in the ordinary course of 
events. In consequence thereof abnormal physiology leads 
to disease conditions. The main factors that are responsible 
for the spotting are believed to be excessive transpiration 
during the day......OLD BELIEVERS NEVER DIE...

 ACTINONEMA ROSAE, 437. 

Aphelenchus olesistus, 559. 
Armillaria mellea....
Ascochyta aspidistrae, 430. 

pisi, 431. 

Ascus of Peziza cerea, 83. 
Sphaerosoma leveillei, 83. 

Bacteriosis of potatoes, 513. 
Basidiospora entospora, 1x9. 
Botryosphaeria diplodia, 174. 
Botrytis form of Sclerolinia fuckeliana. 

. 
Bremia lactucae, 119. 
Bryobia ribis, 545. 
Bulgaria polymorpha, 287. 

Cephalosporium stage of nec- 

TRIA SOLANI, x8t. 
Cercospora apii, 487. 

circuroscissa, 484. 

melonis, 485. 

resedae, 427. 

Cladosporium epipbyllum, 472. 

fulvum, 471. 

Claviceps purpurea, 223. 

Clover plant attacked by Heterodcra 

devastatrix, 556. 
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, 442. 
Coniothyrium fuckelii, 416. 

hellebori, 420. 

Cordyceps parasitic on caterpillar, 

80. 
Corticium scutellare, 394. 
Coryueum beyerinckii, 455. 
Cronartium ribicolum, 319. 
Cucurbitaria laburni, 244. 
Cuscuta, 74. 

Cycloconium oleaginuni, 455. 
Cylindrosporium padi, 427. 
Cystopus candidus, 131. 

portulacae, 131. 

tragopogonis, 131. 

Cyttaria gunnii, 252. 



Dacryomyces DBLIQUESCENS, basi- 

DIUM OF. 84. 

Dasyscypha calycina, 281. 

Entomosporium maculatum. 453. 
Epichloe typhina , 225. 
Eriophyes avellanae, 537. 

ribis, 537, 538. 

rudis, 542. 

vitis, 537. 

Eutypella prunastri, 172. 
Exoascus alni-incanae, 142. 

deformans, 136, 138. 

pruni, 136, 140. 

turgidus, 141. 

Exobasidium rhododendri, 400. 
Exosporium laricinum, 480. 
tiliae, 427. 

Fasciated carnation, 46. 
Fomes annosus, 374. 

fomentarius, 372. 

Fuligo varians, 534. 
Fusarium heterosporuni, 494. 

lycopersici, 491. 

stage of Nectria solani, 181. 

Fusicladium dendriticum, 207. 

Galls formed by heterodera 

radicicola in tomato root, 552. 

Geoglossum peckianum, ascus of, 

83. 
Gibellina cerealis, 242. 

Gloeosporium ampelophagum, 436. 

Glomerella rufo-maculans, 176. 

Gnomon ia erythrostoma, 200, 201. 

veneta, 202. 

Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme, 

316. 



Helminthosporium 
427. 

turcicum, 482. 

Hemiliea vastatrix, 329. 
Heterodera radicicola, 550. 

O 



graminum, 



578 



DISEASES OF CULTIVATED PLANTS 



Heterosporium echinulatura, 498. 
Hydnum scheidermayeri, 389. 
Hypochnus solan i, 400. 
Hypomyces perniciosus, 193. 

INOCYBE ASTEROSPORA, BASIDIUM 
OF, 84. 

Intumescences on Acacia, 42. 
Ithy phallus caninus, 352, 353. 

julus pulchellus, 529. 

Lentinus cyathus, with sclero- 

TIUM, 85. 
Lichens, 59. 

Lophiodermium pinastri, 249. 
Lycoperdon cchinatum, Ixisidium of, 

84. 

Mackospokium nobile, 504. 

solani, 503. 

Melam psora pinitorqua, 325. 
Meliola penzigii, 163. 
Meria laricis, 455. 
Merulius lacrymans, 365. 
Microsphaera grossulariae, 158. 
Monilia fructigena, 271. 
Monosporium stage of Nectria solani, 

181. 
Mycelium in leaf-mould, 26. 
Mycorhiza, eciotropic, 78. 

endotropic, 78. 

Mycosphaerella sentina, 215. 

Nectria ditissima, 184. 
solani, 180, 181. 

Olpidium brassicae, 90. 
Ophiobolus granimis. 242. 
Ophiocladium hordei, 455. 
Orobanche minor, 71. 

Pear branch damaged by hail, 

35- 
Peniophora inconspicua, basidium of, 

84. 

Peri derm ium harknessi, 323. 

Peronospora schleideni, io3. 

Pestalozzia guepini, 450. 

Peziza cerea, ascus of, 83. 

vesiculosa, 253. 

Phleospora oxyacanthi, 420. 

Pholiota adiposa, 360. 

Phoma sanguinoienta, 409. 

suspecta, 406. 

Phragmidium rubi-indaci, 314. 

subcorlicatum, 313. 

Phyllactinia suffuUa, 153. 



Phyllosticta prunicola, 411. 

violae, 406. 

Phytophthora infestans, 124. 

omnivora, 127. 

Plasmodiophora brassicae, 535, 526. 
Plasmopara viticola, 120. 
Plowrightia morbosa, 2x4, 

ribesia, 212. 

Polyponis betulinus, 380. 

bispidus, 378. 

squamosus, 385. 

sulfureus, 383, 384. 

Polystigma rubrum, 179. 

Poria vaporaria, 370. 

Potato tuber pier»»l by couch-grass, 

62. 
Pruning, example of good, 27 
Pseudomonas campestris, 510. 
Pseudopcziza trifolii, 277. 
Puccinia asparagi, 298. 

graminis, 303. 

malvacearum, 312. 

pringsheimiana, 301. 

pruni, 309. 

Pyrenochaeta phloxidis, 420. 
Pyihium debaryanum, 105. 

RAMALINA KRAXINEA, 59, 506. 

Ramularia stage of Sphaerella frag- 

ariae, 194. 
Rhizina inflata, 254. 
Rhizoctinia violacea, 237. 
Rhizoglyphus echinopus, 545, 546. 
Rhizopus necans, 134. 

nigricans, 103. 

Rhytisma acerinum, 256. 
Roesleria hypogaea, 289. 
Rosellinia necatrix, 229. 

radiciperda, 233. 

Ryparobius sexdeccmsporus, ascus 

of, 83. 

Sap- WARTS on acacia, 42. 

Scleroderma vulgare, basidium of, 
84. 

Sclerospora graminis, 1x9. 

Sclerotinia, fructigena, 271. 

fuckeliana, 261. 

sclerotiorum, 266. 

urnula, 269. 

Sclerotium of Lentinus cyathus, 85. 

Scoletotrichum melophthorum, 455. 

Septoria form of Mycosphaerella sen- 
tina, 215. 

Sphaerella fragariae, X94. 

tabifica, 196. 

Sphaerosoma leveillei, ascus of, 83. 

Sphaerostilbe flavida, 190. 



INDEX OF FIGURES 



579 



Sphaerotheca mors-uvae, 147. 
Sphaerulina taxi, 220. 
Spondylocladium atrovirens, 479. 
Spongospora scabies, 53a 
Sporodesmium brassicae, 427. 
Spumaria alba, 533. 
Stag-headed oak, 31. 
Stereum fnistulosum, 397. 

hirsutum, 396. 

Syncbytrium solani, 99. 

section of, 99. 

taraxici, 103. 

Taphrina aurba, 136. 

bullata, 143. 

sadebeckii, 136. 

Thelephora lacinata. 61. 
Thielavia basicola, x6o. 
Tilletia decipiens. 338. 

tritici, 346. 

zonata. 338. 

Tremella frondosa, 562. 
Trichothecium roseum, 455. 
I'uber excavatum, ascus of, 83. 



Tulostoma mammosum, basidium of, 

84. 
Tylenchus devastatrix, 550. 
Tympanis conspersa, 259. 

Uncinula spiralis, 155. 
Urocystis colchici, 349. 

occulta, 348. 

Uromyces betae, 295. 

colchici, 293. 

Uropblyctis alfalfae, 93. 

leproides, 96. 


Ustilago arundinellae, 338. 
avenae, 340, 342. 
Pedrado da macieira 

Fusicladium dendriticum/ conídios da Gama

assexual já  Venturia inaequalis é a forma 

sexuada da bicha ascósporos ....é geralmente 

a partir destes que se inicia a INFECÇÃO OS TUBOS 

GERMINATIVOS FUNGAIS MUITO GIROS EN MICROSCOPIA DE 

FLURESCÊNCIA PENETRAM A CUTÍCULA PELA PÁGINA INFERIOR 

POIS É MAIS SUSCEPTÍVEL COITADA

GERMINAM MESMO A 1ºC PELO QUE A DOENÇA DÁ ATÉ EM 

PAÍS GELADO COMO A AMERIKA MAS A 15 E A 25ºC PARECEM 

FOGUETES RETARDA A 28ºC E A 36ºC OS ESGRACADINHOS 

PARAM COMPLETAMENTE .....

A PENETRAÇÃO É FAVORECIDA PELA HUMIDADE CONSTANTE

OU POR UM GEL DESSES QUE O GAMA USA PARA....

EVOLUI OU DESENVOLVE-SE NA FORMA CONIDIANA 

CONI DI ANA RAMOS FOLHAS FRUTAS E FLORES

EXIBEM LESÕES CARACTERÍSTICAS 

ATÉ 1969 EM PORTUCALE NUNCA SE TINHAM ENCONTRADO

FORMAS SEXUADAS POIS O REGIME FASCISTA IMPEDIA-AS

DE ENTRAR ....

A FOLHAGEM NOVA É A MAIS AFECTADA

A MANCHA DO PEDRADO CRESCE DO CENTRO ACINZENTADO

PARA A PERIFERIA CASTANHA-AVERMELHADA COMO A MERDA 

DO LIVRE....

APÓS A QUEDA DAS FOLHAS CONTINUAM A FORMAR-SE 

CONÍDIOS

FORMA-SE TECIDO SUBEROSO CICATRICIAL 

FICANDO A EXPANSÃO DA MANCHA (NEGRA COMO A ALMA DOS 

GAMAS ) INTERRUPTA COMO O COITO DOS GAMAS...

A SUPERFÍCIE D'EL FRUTO ESTALA IRREGULARMENTE

TORNA-SE RUGOSA POR ESTAR COBERTA DE PEDAÇOS DE 

TECIDO MORTO E MORTO-VIVO COMO OS SOARES 

EM FRUTOS NOVOS DEFORMA-OS E DIZ QUE LHES 

PAGOU OS CURSOS COMO ADRIANO MOREIRA OUTRO FUNGO

DA GAMA QUE GAMA GAMÃO ...

O FUNGO SOBREVIVE NOS CANCROS QUE O FUNGO CRIA 

NOS RAMOS...É COMO O ESTADO SOCIAL OU ASSOCIAL

QUE NOS SUBMETE N'ESTE ANO DE 1981 OU 1999

OU MESMO EM 2222....

O ESTADO ASSOCIAL TAL COMO OS ESPOROS É PROTEGIDO

PELOS TECIDOS CORTICAIS DO ESTADO QUE SE DIZIA NOVO

CONSERVANDO A VIABILIDADE

E GERMINANDO A TEMPERATURAS BAIXAS

E NAS CONDIÇÕES MAIS ADVERSAS PARA A RALÉ

PORQUE OS FUNGOS DE BONS COSTUMES 

SOBREVIVEM A TUDO

O PEDRADO TAL COMO A MAÇONARIA E OS TURF CLUB'S 

MANIFESTAM-SE POR INVASÕES SUCESSIVAS ....

 pirina, 20^. 

Vermicularia circinnans, 418. 

Xenodochus carbonakius, 315. 

zlgnoella corticola, ascus of, 

83- 



INDEX OF PARASITES e  SPRAYS da mesma gama



ACANTHORHYNCHUS VACCINII, 239. 
Acanthostigma, 221. 

parasiticum, 221. 

Acid fumes, 38. 
Acremoniella, 460. 

occulta, 460. 

Acrosporium cerasi, 469. 
Actinonema, 428. 

rosae, 428. 

Aecidiuni, 336. 

cinerariae, 334. 

cyparisstae, 296. 

esculentuni, 337. 

niagelhaenicuni, 337. 

ornamentale, 337. 

phillyreae, 337. 

pseudo-columnare, 337. 

rubellum, 299. 

strobilinuni, 336. 

thomsoiii, 324. 

Agaricaceae, 353. 

Agaric, infesting cereals, 361. 

Aglaospora taleola, 210. 

Allescheria laricis, 462. 

Al tern aria, 414, 500. 

violae, 501. 

• American blight ' favours fungus 

disease. 15. 
American gooseberry mildew, 146. 
Anbury, 524. 
Aphelenchus fragariae, 560. 

olesistus, 558. 

ormerodis, 560. 

Arachnida, 537. 
Armillaria, 354. 

mellea, 354. 

mucida, 354, 363. 

Ascobolus, 19. 
Ascochyta. 430. 

aquilegiae, 433. 

armoraciae, 433. 

aspidistrae, 431. 

brassicae, 432. 

citrullina, 

Ascochyta, cookei, 432. 

dianthi, 432. 

juglandis, Juglans regia et vizinhas  

orobi, 477. 

violae, 431. 

Ascomycetes, 135. 

characters of gama gay bacterium ...

Ascosporabcyerinckii, 455. 
Asteroma padi, 203. 

rosae, 438. 

Asterula, 166. 

beyerinckii, 166, 455. 

Atmospheric conditions favouring 

disease, 8. 
Aureobasidium vitis. 401. 
Australian shot-hole fungus, 410. 
..\zotobacter agilis, 49. 

beijerincki, 49. 

chroococcum, 49. 

vinelandii, 49. 

Bacillus amilovorus,  

mesentericus, 49. 

nicotianae, 518. 

oleae, 516. 

omnivorus, 519. 

phytophthorus, 51^. 

savastanoi....DU FEU BACTRIEN OU DA BACTRIA 

SEM PÁTRIA 

Pseudomonas savastanoi .....