FIXED ACTION PATTERN FAP‘‘fixed action pattern’’ is a misleading translation of the original German, Erbkoordination, which is more correctly rendered as ‘‘inherited movement coordination In the lab as in the field, males often ‘‘spontaneously’’ manifest assertion displays often as they move about ‘‘patroling’’ their territories. At least there is no external stimulus the human observer can detect that might evoke such displays. Such displays suggest elevated nonspecific arousal rather than a response to any specific evocative stimulus. The display also serves as an ‘‘advertisement’’. If a male’s assertion display is observed by another male not previously observed, that second male may call attention to himself by reacting with his own sequence of head-nods coordinated with push-ups and extension of the dewlap. The resident, observing this, may then rapidly escalate its display into ‘‘threat’’ (with extended throat only) or ‘‘challenge.’’ In this display, the elements of assertion are complemented by extended throat and sagittal expansion (of the body profile) and (in interactions of sufficient duration) erection of nuchal and dorsal crests along the back, all effectively enlarging the animal’s apparent size. If a male’s display is observed by a female, on the other hand, her head-nod response will cause the aggressive male to switch to ‘‘courtship’’: he will approach the female with a unique ‘‘strutting’’ gait punctuated by one or more series of rapid nods. Interestingly, this head-nod display (no push-ups or dewlap) is also occasionally performed by males defeated in combat and are taken by some observers to express ‘‘subordination’’ Adaptation to aquatic, arboreal, fossorial and cursorial habits in mammals FOSSORIAL MAMIFERUS FERUS FEROX Talpa caeca small EYES OCULTOS NA PELAGEM Elobius spp pálpebras soldadas O ÂNUS PODE FECHAR-SE ADAPTAÇÃO À VIDA PRISIONAL....LÁBIOS PODEM RODEAR OS INCISIVOS ADAPTAÇÕES MORFOLÓGICAS ESTRUTURAS UTILIZADAS NA ESCAVAÇÃO NOS ROEDORES SÃO OS INCISIVOS A FERRAMENTA ESCAVADORA E NÃO AS PATAS ANTERIORES QUE SÃO MAIS PRA REMOÇÃO DOS ENTULHOS DA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL DO SOCRATES DE SERVIÇO

THE green anolis lizard, Anolis carolinensis, is a uniquely convenient species with great potential for providing insights about the causes
and consequences of social behavior from an evolutionary perspective. In this species, social interactions are mediated by visual displays in
which specific units of behavior are combined in various ways to communicate several more-or-less specific messages. Two related research
programs that utilize this species converge in provocative ways to provide insight into this phenomenon. The first program is centered on the
basal ganglia, now known to be crucial to the expression of aggressive territoriality in this species, and the second research program examines
the way the physiological stress response is involved in aggression and its subsequent adaptive outcomes. Both the neural and the
neuroendocrine systems affect the progress of social interactions as well as the subsequent social dominance relationships when combatants
subsequently live together. Further, because body color depends almost exclusively on the stress response, skin color provides a unique in
situ bioassay of otherwise inaccessible information about the animal’s internal state. The fullest understanding of the physiological ethology
of this model species will depend on an interdisciplinary approach that considers both proximate (physiological) and ultimate (evolutionary)
causes of displays. Questions thus arising include how the nervous system controls and assembles the specific units of behavior—motor
patterns and autonomic reflexes—into displays that are adaptive in specific contexts.
Dewlap extension of gular flap produced by the erection of the retrobasal process of the hyoid apparatus upon the fulcrum of the basi-hyal
component (TCM) [fan]
Push-up a raising and lowering of the forebody by rhythmic flexion and extension of the forelimbs (TCM) [bobbing]
Four-leg push-up push-up performed with all four limbs (T)
Head nod vertical movements of the head, (submission, subordination), often coordinated with pushups [bobbing, assertion, signature] (TCM)
Rapid nod an oscillating vertical movement of the head, often following an arrhythmic nod + pushups, occasionally appearing without
preceding display (C) [jiggling]
Sagittal expansion enlargement of the sagittal profile of the animal by lateral compression of the body (T) [lateral flattening, lateral compression;
with ‘‘arrhythmic’’ nod = challenge]
Extended throat enlarged profile of throat produced by erection of the basi-hyal component of the hyoid apparatus (T) [engorged throat]
Nuchal crest elevated ridge of tissue along the back of the neck (T)
Dorsal crest elevated ridge of tissue, slightly narrower than the nuchal crest, extending along the spine from the posterior margin of the nuchal
crest to the base of the tail. Occurs shortly after nuchal crest in prolonged interactions (T)
Gape wide sustained opening of jaws, often accompanied by tongue-gorge (TD)
Tongue-gorge tongue apparently enlarged and pushed forward along the floor of the mouth creating a ridge near the front of the mouth (TDM)
Tongue-out tip of tongue appears between loosely closed jaws (TM)
Tongue-touch apparent touching of substrate or specific target with tongue [30] (TM)
Air-lick tongue extruded but never contacts surface (TM)
Tail-writhe slow sinuous lashing movements of the distal tail (T) [tail waggling]
Tail-lash wide side-to-side sweeping movements of the tail from the base (TCDM)
Head-up-high head tipped upward from the neck at a right angle to the body axis; suggestive of arousal and active surveillance (T)
Head-down [chin-down] head pressed to the substrate; effected even if the movement is against gravity (T)
Brown body color, sometimes combined or blending into symmetrical areas of green (TCMD)
Green body color, sometimes combined or blending into symmetrical areas of brown (TCMD)
Dark brown body color (TD)
Blotchy green and brown coloration simultaneously but in asymmetrical patches; generally includes eyespot (TD)
Eyespot darkening of postorbital patch of temporal scales (TD)
Defecate extrusion of fecal material (TDM)
Cloacal discharge contents of cloaca discharged; may be fluid or feces (TD)
Lateral orientation sagittal plane of lizard is made to face (‘‘aimed’’ at) stimulus point, generally an adversary, by postural adjustment (T)
Face-off two lizards in mutual lateral orientation, generally facing opposite directions with their heads at right angles to their body axes (T)
[often with mutual circling = parallel advance and retreat]
Stalk slow cautious approach to stimulus (TM)
Limp – stalk slow cautious approach to stimulus, rear legs appear limp or stiff and are often dragged (T)
Lunge rapid short range movement of body towards stimulus; typically combined with bite (TDM)
Bite sustained gripping with teeth, frequently follows lunge (TCDM)
Circling mutual stalking during a face-off (T)
Jaw spar mutual attempts to orient gaping jaws in order to bite the jaw of the antagonist (T)

Jaw-lock mutual sustained bite of two antagonists’ jaws; accompanied by twisting (T) [interlocking bite]