PANDEMIC NOW - HISTORY OF THE 1830 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC OR BLAME THE CHINAMEN SEMPRE GOSTEI DE LER LIVROS SOBRE GRIPE QUANDO APANHAVA GRIPE ....E EXCEPTUANDO A DE 1977 QUE ME IA BATENDO AS BOTAS TODAS DÃO CÁ UM SPIKE ...1836 -1837 E A GRIPE QUE OS CHINESES DERAM EM TROCA DO ÓPIO 1847-1848 E ÓDESPOIS 42 ANOS PANDEMIC FREE TILL 1889-90 COMEÇA NA ÁSIA CENTRAL EM MAIO DIZ O TELÉGRAFO INVADE A RÚSSIA E A PÉRSIA NO VERÃO QUENTE DE 89 E PASSA AS FÉRIAS DE OUTUBRO A FEVEREIRO NA EUROPA OCIDENTAL COM TRAMPOLIM BY BOAT NO INVERNO DE 1889-90 PARA ÁFRICA E AMÉRICA MATA ATÉ JUNHO DE 1890...UM BOM ANO PARA MORRER DE GRIPE ...earliest ages. According to historical sources, pan- demics have appeared with intervals since ancient times. As early as 4 12 B.C. Hippocrates and Livy wrote about their occurrence. Historians of medicine agree that 12 pandemics have occurred within the last 400 years. The only facts aiding analysis during this period were approximate incident cases and deaths. A detailed investigation of these pandemics shows that 11 of them began in China. In 1891, after long-lasting investigations, Pfeiffer managed to discover what he regarded as the germ of influenza named Bacillus influenzae, which had, in fact, already been perceived by 0. Bujwid in biopsy mate- rial a year earlier. It was acknowledged as a pathogenic factor, and not until the influenza virus was discovered in 1933 by Wilson Smith, Christopher Andrewes and Patrick Laidlow (NationAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN LONDINIUM In the year B.C. 393, when the Carthaginians were laying siege to Syracuse, a pestilence broke out in their camp and proved the salva- . tion of the city. This epidemic, in DwdofUS which the Carthaginians fell by thousands whilst the Syracusans themselves remained unharmed, is thought by Isensee (Die Geschichte d. Medizin, etc., vol i. p. 168; Berlin, 1840) to have been influenza; but it cannot be said that the account given by Diodorus Siculus justifies such a view. The Greek historian does, it is true, mention catarrhal symptoms and great mor bidity among the characteristics of the visitation ; but the fact that enormous numbers of those attacked died on the fifth or sixth day entirely disposes of Isensee's contention. In view of the variety of symptoms detailed by Diodorus, Haeser is inclined to is inclined to consider the epidemic one of smallpox or of typhus, or, perhaps even, of both. There are medical historians of a speculative turn of mind who would have one believe that the pestilence of A.D. 542, described by „ „ ■ • a , , Procopius rrocopius, was influenza ; but no one r who has read The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire can possibly be misled on this point. Gibbon tells us (vol. iv., ch. xl. p. 549 et seq) that "the fatal disease which depopulated the earth in the time of Justinian and his successors, first appeared in the neighbourhood of Pelusium, between the Serbonian bog and the eastern channel of the Nile.were a double path, it spread to the east, over Syria, Persia, and the Indies, and penetrated to the west, along the coast of Africa, and over the continent of Europe. In the spring of the second year, Constantinople, during three or four months, was visited by the pestilence ; and Procopius, who observed its progress and symptoms with the eyes of a physician, has emulated the skill and diligence of Thucydides in the description of the plague of Athens. . . . The infection sometimes commenced with the visions of a distressful fancy, and the victim despaired as soon as he had the menace and felt the stroke of an invisible spectre. But the greater number in their beds, in the streets, in their usual occupation, were surprised by a slight fever, so slight, indeed, that neither the pulse nor the colour of the patient gave signs of the approach ing danger." Read alone, the last paragraph might possibly be taken for a description of the outset of influenza ; but Gibbon proceeds to give in detail all the symptoms, all the horrors, of bubonic plague, and, after commenting on the impossibility of obtaining even an approximate estimate of the enormous mortality caused by this hideous pest, concludes with the words " I find that during three months, five, at length ten thou sand persons died each month in Constantinople that many cities of the East were left vacant, and that in several districts of Italy the harvest and vintage withered in the ground." Influenza plus ruthless venesection never wrought quite such havoc as that ! chronicler Saxo, the former of whom states that in the beginning of December, 1173, "an intolerable and unheard of cough (tussis intolerabilis et inaudita) " spread over " the whole German kingdom and especially Cisalpine Gaul," attacking both young and old, and causing many deaths ; and Saxo relates that, in Italy, "a dense fog" early in February, 1173, caused "a very severe cough (tussis gravissima) " from which man}' died, especially "pregnant women." We also learn from Creighton that "under this year (1173), the chronicle of Melrose enters ' a certain evil and unheard of cough (tussis quaedam mala et inaudita),'Buoninsegni's Istoria Fiorcntina, Florence, 1580:— (1) "In this year, 1323, and in the month of August, there was a pestilential wind, which caused nearly all the inhabitants of Florence to fall sick of cold and fever, and the same thing took place throughout almost the whole of Italy; " (2) " In the said year (1327) and month, there was throughout the whole of Italy an infectious fever caused by cold ...Florence in January and February, 1387. From Florence it spread in a northerly direction, reaching France and Germany during Lent. Except amongst children, the morbidity was great, hardly one-tenth of the inhabitants of Montpellier escaping attack (Valescus) ; and Jakob von Konigshoven writes in the Strasburg Chronicles of the year, " There came a general pestilence in the whole country, with cough and influenza, so that hardly one among ten remained healthy." But very few succumbed to the disease, and those chiefly the very old and weaklings. It appears that, as a rule, the patients suffered for four or five days from the most disagreeable catarrhal

influenza is identified under the name
" slaedan," or prostration, which was epidemic
in Ireland in 1326 or 1328, the same epidemic
being called "murre" in the annals of Clonmacnoise.
 epidemic of 1357, also
on the authority of Buoninsegni
 "una influenza di freddo," an expression that
probably gave rise to the erroneous notion that
influenza was the Italian name
 Biermer, however,
does not recognize any of these epidemics ; he
writes, "the epidemic spreading in 1357-58 over
Savoy, Germany, France, and Catalonia, we hold
even less to be influenza than those of 1323 and
1327."
The next epidemic to be considered influenza
by historians is that of 1387, which Ripperger
thinks the first authenticated outbreak
of the disease
 symptoms—coryza, cough, severe headache, .a
feeling of oppression in the chest—with fever, and
not infrequently some delirium. E COSTUMO SONHAR COM GALINHAS EM CIMA DE CARRIS DE CAMINHO DE FERRO
 QUANDO TENHO INFLUENZA DI FREDDO........It is, of course,
quite possible 
that there were other symptoms
not mentioned in the fragmentary records that
have come down to us; but, anyway, Gluge, as
well as Ripperger, is satisfied that " the data
sufficiently characterize influenza." The treat
ment consisted in the exhibition of decoctions of
chamomile and coriander berries, sweetened with
syrup of poppies; clysmata; diaphoretics, and
low diet.


.
 epidemic of influenza in 1403, but
Pasquier gives an account of the outbreak of a
disease in Paris on 26th April of that
year, which attacked more than a
hundred thousand persons. The symptoms were
cough, headache, loss of appetite for both food
and drink, insomnia, and in some cases such great
prostration that nearly all business was suspended.
No other town or district appears to have suffered
from a similar visitation in that year.
In the following year, however, an epidemic
not unlike that first described visited Flanders in
the month of April, and appeared later
on in Saxony and Thuringia.
His authority is Bishop Gregory, of Tours, according
to whom the inhabitants of that town and of
Nimes were attacked with a pestilence in 591, the
symptoms of which were pain in the head, sneezing,
and uncontrollable yawning. It was often fatal.
The epizootic of the same year among cattle and
beasts of burden can only be considered a coincid
ence (v. p. 103), and cannot be looked upon as in
any way confirmatory of Leupoldt's conjecture

The yawning
and sneezing which were so prevalent at the time
are said to have given rise to the custom, which
still exists in some countries, of making the sign
of the cross over the mouth when yawning,
and saying "God preserve you!" 
 SANTINHO Ó VASCO DA GAMA 
when any one
sneezes.
As a rule, only a passing allusion is made to the
epidemics of cough and fever that occurred in 827
(France and Germany), 876 (Italy),

(Germany), 927 (trance and Germany), ,
and 996-997 (England).
1918 PRIMEIROS CASOS IN APRILIS 

NOS REGIMENTOS BRITÂNICOS ESTACIONADOS EN ROUEN

ET VIMEREUX ESSA PRIMEIRA VAGA EPIDÉMICA ATINGE O PICO EN JUIN 

COM OS MOVIMENTOS DE TROPAS 
ATINGE AS ILHAS BRITÂNICAS E OS 

U.S OF A  ITALY GERMANY L'ALEMAGNE 

INDIES FOCOS EPIDÉMICOS EM JULHO

ÁFRICA DO SUL AGOSTO

NA AUSTRÁLIA QUARENTENA RIGOROSA

IMPEDE A ENTRADA DA BICHA ATÉ JANEIRO 1919  Nº DE VÍTIMAS MUITO PEQUENO ALGUMAS CENTENAS DE MORTOS ENTRE OS CIVIS 
E APENAS UM POUCO MAIOR NAS POPULAÇÕES MILITARIZADAS QUE REGRESSAM......CASOS SEM GRAVIDADE

DOIS MESES DEPOIS SEGUNDA VAGA EPIDÉMICA ATINGE A POPULAÇÃO MILITARIZADA DESMILITARIZADA E CIVIL DO MUNDO INTEIRO GRANDE PERCENTAGEM DE CASOS GRAVES E FATAIS 
DOS 3% DE MORTES DO MÁXIMO DE SETEMBRO-OUTUBRO 1918 
EN GAY PARIS A 6 OCTOBRE A 9 NOVEMBRE 210 DECEDÉS PAR JOUR 

10,059 MORTS....FROM SEPT TO MARCH 1919 IN PARIS 

DANS L'ARMÉE FRANÇAISE 500,000 CASOS 
GRIPAIS ET 31 MIL 

U.K. 200 THOUSAND KILL'S 

U.S OF A 550 TO  700 THOUSAND 

DAI NIPPON 250 THOUSAND

PAKI-INDIA SEVERAL MILLIONS SOME SAY 12.5, SOME SAY MORE THAN THAT